Abstract Chicha (Sterculia striata) is a native plant of the Cerrado biome that has only recently been explored nutritionally. The aim of this study was to determine its fatty acid profile and obtain the proteomic analysis of chicha nut. The nut was found to be composed of 22.19% protein, 20.62% lipids, 3.91% moisture, 3.63% ash, 53.56% carbohydrates, 19.99% neutral detergent fiber and 3.99% acid detergent fiber. With regard to fatty acids; 5 components were identified, of which 56.2% were unsaturated fatty acids. Oleic acid presented the highest fatty acid content in chicha, followed by palmitic acid. With regard to the nut’s protein content; 2 proteins were identified, legumin, a soluble globulin, and prurin-1, the most allergic component of 11S globulins. The identification of the characteristics of chicha provides nutritional and functional information regarding this plant and its contribution to food products.

RESUMO: O soro lácteo é um subproduto da indústria de laticínios de grande importância devido ao seu alto valor nutritivo, podendo ser utilizado para fabricação de bebida láctea fermentada que, associada a frutas, aumenta o valor nutricional e agrega sabores característicos. A partir disso, foi elaborada uma bebida láctea fermentada adicionada de polpa de cajá-manga (Spondias dulcis), sendo avaliada sua informação nutricional bem como a estabilidade físico-química, durante o armazenamento. Os resultados mostram que a informação nutricional atendeu os requisitos estipulados pela legislação brasileira. A estabilidade físico-química da bebida, quanto aos parâmetros analisados de pH, acidez, sinerese e sedimentação, sofreu influência pelo o tempo de armazenamento, possivelmente, associados a fatores não controlados neste estudo como a concentração de cultura láctea iniciadora e final do produto elaborado, a biodegradação de proteínas durante a estocagem e baixos teores de sólidos. Conclui-se que a bebida elaborada constitui um alimento fonte de diversos nutrientes, e poderá complementar a alimentação diária de crianças, adolescentes e adultos, suprindo as carências nutricionais.

ABSTRACT: Whey is a by-product of the dairy industry of great importance due to its high nutritional value, and can be used for the manufacture of fermented dairy drinks which, combined with fruit, increase the nutritional value and add characteristic flavors. Therefore, a fermented dairy beverage with caja-mango pulp (Spondias dulcis) was elaborated and its nutritional information as well as the physical-chemical stability were evaluated during storage. The results showed that the nutritional information met the requirements stipulated by the Brazilian legislation. The physical-chemical stability of the dairy fermented drink in terms of pH, acidity, syneresis and sedimentation was influenced by the storage time, possibly associated with uncontrolled factors in this study, such as the initial and final dairy culture concentration of the processed product, protein biodegradation during storage and low solids contents. It is concluded that the elaborated drink constitutes a food source of several nutrients, and may complement the daily diet of children, adolescents and adults, supplying nutritional deficiencies.

Abstract Anemia due to iron deficiency is the most common in the world being characterized as a significant public health issue. Therefore, its prevention and treatment are considered important before it becomes either chronic or grievous; the interventions with superior potential are the medical supplementation with iron salts as well as food mineral enhancement. The objectives of this study were to develop fermented dairy beverages supplemented with iron and added by Cerrado fruit pulps: cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica ), coquinho-azedo (Butia capitata), tamarindo (Tamarindus indica), and umbu ( Spondias tuberosa). In addition, the research intended to evaluate the acceptance of these beverages by children and adolescents from public schools in the city of Montes Claros (MG). The methodology consisted in the production of dairy beverages followed by the evaluation of their quality through physicochemical and microbiological analyses. Posteriorly, children and adolescents assessed the sensorial acceptance. The analyses performed presented satisfactory results for physicochemical and microbiological properties regarding the acceptance of the product. The cagaita and coquinho azedo based dairy beverages were the most accepted whether compared with tamarindo and umbu beverages. The fermented dairy beverage supplemented with iron and added by Cerrado fruits come up as a feasible alternative for dietary supplementation, and can promote beneficial effects in human health due to their sensorial acceptance.

Abstract Glycerin is an organic compound with an alcoholic function and can be esterified into fatty acids to form triglycerides. Due to the increasing availability of glycerin, studies that determine the best level of its inclusion in diets for ruminants are needed. This study evaluated the effects of glycerin supplementation on the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of the longissimus lumborum of heifers fed on Brachiaria brizantha pasture. Thirty-six heifers were distributed in a totally randomized design with four treatments (G0.0 = without glycerin, G4.6 = 4.6% glycerin, G9.3 = 9.3% glycerin and G14.3 = 14.3% glycerin). The addition of glycerin decreased the tetradecanoic and octadecanoic fatty acids but increased the pentadecanoic, heptadecanoic, heptadecenoic, eicosanoic, eicosatetraenoic and docosatetraenoic fatty acids. The saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid concentrations were similar across the diets. However, the polyunsaturated (PUFA) concentrations and the PUFA:MUFA and n-6:n-3 ratios increased with the inclusion of glycerin in the diet. Glycerin levels up to 14.3% (corresponding to a substitution of 50.5% of corn for this byproduct as an energy source) did not alter the proximate composition of the meat but improved the fatty acid profile of the longissimus lumborum muscle and, consequently, increased the meat quality, potentially providing benefits for human health.

Resumen La glicerina es un compuesto orgánico con una función alcohólica que puede esterificarse en ácidos grasos para formar triglicéridos. Debido a su disponibilidad cada vez mayor, se necesitan estudios que indiquen el mejor nivel de inclusión en las dietas para los rumiantes. Este estudio evaluó los efectos de la glicerina sobre la composición próxima y el perfil de ácidos grasos de Longissimus lumborum de novillas suplementadas con pasto de Brachiaria brizantha. Se distribuyeron 36 vaquillas en un diseño totalmente aleatorizado con cuatro tratamientos (G0.0 = sin glicerina, G4.6 = 4,6% de glicerina, G9.3 = 9.3% de glicerina y G14.3 = 14.3% de glicerina). La adición de glicerina disminuyó los ácidos grasos tetradecanoico y octadecanoico, pero aumentó los ácidos grasos pentadecanoico, heptadecanoico, heptadecenoico, eicosanoico, eicosatetraenoico y docosatetraenoico. Las concentraciones de ácidos grasos saturados (SFA), monoinsaturados (MUFA) y omega-3 (n-3) fueron similares en todas las dietas. Sin embargo, las concentraciones de poliinsaturados (PUFA) y los niveles de PUFA: MUFA y n-6: n-3 aumentaron con la inclusión de glicerina en las dietas. Los niveles de glicerina hasta 14.3% (que corresponden a una sustitución del 50.5% de maíz por este subproducto como fuente de energía) no alteraron la composición proximal de la carne pero mejoraron el perfil de ácidos grasos del músculo Longissimus lumborum y, en consecuencia, aumentaron la carne calidad, potencialmente proporcionando beneficios para la salud humana.

The experiment was conducted to assess the effect of substituting corn for soybean hulls on the apparent digestibility of nutrients, carcass performance and characteristics, and yield of cuts of 25 non-castrated male Santa Ines lambs with an initial body weight of 20±2 kg, at approximately 6 months of age, sheltered individually in stalls (1.10 × 1.0 m), considering a totally randomized design, fed 600 g/kg of forage and 400 g/kg of concentrate. Soybean hulls replaced corn at 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 g/kg of dry matter. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), NDF corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) in g/day, and the digestibility of NFC increased linearly with the soybean hull replacement. Crude protein intake displayed a quadratic response, whereas the intake of EE in g/day, the apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, NDFap and TC, TDN, average daily gain, carcass characteristics, and yield of cuts were not affected by the soybean hull levels. Soybean hull substitution increased the intake of DM and nutrients, making it possible to replace up to 1,000 g/kg of dry matter in the diets for confined sheep, as it does not compromise performance, digestibility, carcass characteristics, or yield of cuts when used in sheep nutrition.

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o valor nutritivo da silagem de capim-elefante produzida com o capim emurchecido ou adicionada de diferentes níveis de farelo de cacau. O capim-elefante foi colhido aos 50 dias de rebrota após o corte de uniformização e submetido aos seguintes tratamentos na ensilagem: capim-elefante emurchecido ao sol por 8 horas, e capim-elefante sem emurchecimento com 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28% de farelo de cacau (FC) (% da matéria natural). Foram utilizadas quatro repetições por tratamento; o material foi acondicionado em silos de PVC com 0,15 m de diâmetro e 0,3 m de altura, adotando-se compactação de 500 kg/m³. A inclusão do farelo de cacau na ensilagem do capim-elefante mostrou-se eficiente em aumentar o teor de MS da silagem. A inclusão de FC no nível de 7% permitiu produção de silagem com teor de MS semelhante ao da silagem de capim emurchecido. As silagens com FC apresentaram maiores teores de NT, EE, lignina, NIDN e NIDA, no entanto, os teores de FDN, FDA CEL, HEM, cinzas e NDT e a DIVMS diminuíram com a adição de farelo de cacau. O NDT estimado para a silagem de capim emurchecido foi superior ao obtido nas demais silagens, com e sem farelo de cacau. Embora o FC tenha promovido redução da DIVMS, sua inclusão nos níveis de 7 e 14% proporcionou boa digestibilidade das silagens (acima de 60%). O emurchecimento do capim-elefante e a adição de FC podem ser alternativas para aumentar o teor de MS da silagem e garantir a produção de silagens de bom valor nutritivo.

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the nutritive value of elephant grass silage wilted under the sun light for eight hours. Other treatments involved the same elephant grass without exposing to sun light but with addition of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% of cocoa meal (CM) at the ensilage process. The PVC silos used in the experiment measured 0.15 m of diameter and 0.30 m of height. During the ensiling process the forage was compressed until reach 500 kg/m³. The addition of CM on elephantgrass during the ensiling process increased efficiently the silage DM concentration. The treatment of 7% addition of CM resulted in DM concentration similar to the wilted treatment. The treatments involving addition of CM presented high TN, EE, LIG, NDIN, and ADIN concentrations. Reductions in NDF, ADF, CEL, HEM, ash, TDN, and IVDMD concentrations were detected with the addition of CM. The estimated TDN of wilted treatment was greater than the other treatments with or without CM. Although the CM reduced IVDMD, the 7 and 14% levels of CM inclusion resulted in elevated digestibility over 60%. The wilting and CM addition may be used as alternatives to increase silage DM concentration.

O experimento foi conduzido para determinar as frações que compõem os carboidratos da silagem de capim-elefante emurchecido ou acrescida de farelo de cacau. O capim-elefante utilizado foi colhido aos 50 dias de rebrota após o corte de uniformização e submetido aos seguintes tratamentos: capim-elefante emurchecido ao sol por oito horas e capim-elefante não-emurchecido acrescido de 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28% de farelo de cacau (% da matéria natural). O material foi acondicionado em silos de PVC com capacidade para 5,3 L, que foram abertos após 45 dias. A silagem de capim emurchecido apresentou teor de carboidratos totais (CT) semelhante ao daquelas com 14 e 21% de farelo de cacau. A análise de regressão detectou redução linear desta fração nas silagens com farelo de cacau. Para todas as frações de carboidratos estimadas, a silagem de capim emurchecido apresentou valores semelhantes ao daquela com capim sem emurchecimento. As frações dos carboidratos totais das silagens foram influenciadas pela adição de farelo de cacau, de modo que os teores de A+B1 e FDNi aumentaram e os de B2 diminuíram com a inclusão de farelo de cacau.

The experiment was carried out to determine the carbohydrate fractions of elephantgrass silage wilted under the sun for eight hours. Other treatments included the same elephantgrass without wilting but with addition of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% of cocoa meal at the ensiling process. The PVC silos used in the experiment had 5.3 L of capacity, and they were opened 45 days after ensiling. The wilted treatment showed total carbohydrate (TC) concentration similar to treatments with 14 and 21% cocoa meal. The regression analysis detected linear reduction of this fraction with the addition of cocoa meal. For all carbohydrate estimated fractions, the wilted treatment showed similar values to the treatment without wilting. The silage TC fractions were altered by cocoa meal addictions, presenting high concentration of A+B1, and NDFi, and low concentration of B2 with increasing cocoa meal level.

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de definir o intervalo de tempo de registro do comportamento de ovinos Santa Inês. Utilizaram-se 18 ovinos machos, não-castrados, com peso corporal médio inicial de 22,62 kg. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais e distribuídos ao acaso em seis tratamentos, constituídos de dois volumosos (capim-elefante amonizado ou não com 5% de uréia) e três concentrados (com 0% de farelo de cacau ou torta de dendê; com 40% de farelo de cacau; ou com 40% de torta de dendê em substituição ao milho e ao farelo de soja), fornecidos na proporção de 60:40 (volumoso:concentrado). O registro das atividades foi realizado durante dois períodos de 24 horas, no final do período experimental, registrando-se o tempo despendido em alimentação, ruminação, ócio e efetuando-se a discretização dessas séries. Foram testados os intervalos de observações de 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 minutos. Os tempos despendidos em alimentação, ruminação e ócio não diferiram em nenhum dos intervalos estudados, entretanto, na discretização das séries temporais, ou seja, no número de períodos e no tempo médio gasto por período, apresentaram diferenças significativas. Os tempos de alimentação, ruminação e ócio em ovinos Santa Inês podem ser obtidos com observações em intervalos de até 30 minutos. Para a discretização das séries temporais, recomenda-se o uso da escala de cinco minutos.

The objective of this trial was to compare and determine the most adequate time interval to register chewing activity in Santa Inês sheep. The following time intervals were investigated: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes. Eighteen intact male sheep averaging 22.62 kg of body weight at the beginning of the study were used. Animals were housed in individual pens and randomly assigned to one of six treatments: ammonia-treated elephantgrass or elephatgrass supplemented with three concentrates sources (0% cocoa meal and palm kernel cake, 40% cocoa meal, and 40% palm kernel cake partially replacing corn and soybean meal) in a forage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. Chewing activity (time spent eating, ruminanting, and idle) was measured during two 24 hours periods at the end of the experimental period. There was no significant difference in the time spent eating, ruminating and idle among the studied intervals. However, significant differences were observed for the number of meals, rumination, and idle activities as well as for the mean time spent at each of these individual activities. It can be concluded that time spent eating, ruminating, and idle can be measured at every 30 minutes interval in Santa Inês sheep while five minutes interval was required to register the number and the mean time spent at each chewing activity.

O experimento foi realizado para se avaliar a composição química da silagem de resíduos de peixe acrescida de 30% de farelo de trigo e o desempenho de alevinos de tilápia-do-nilo, recebendo níveis de 0, 10, 20 e 30% desta silagem na dieta. Utilizaram-se resíduos do filetamento de tilápia-do-nilo, que foram picados manualmente, moídos, aquecidos durante 15 minutos a 105°C. Após este processo, o material foi misturado a 30% de farelo de trigo em relação ao peso total do resíduo e armazenado em silos plásticos com capacidade para 20 L durante 30 dias. Foram determinados os teores de MS, PB, EE, cinzas, Ca e P, o potencial hidrogeniônico e o nitrogênio amoniacal da silagem e avaliados os efeitos de sua inclusão sobre o ganho de peso diário, a conversão alimentar aparente e a taxa de eficiência protéica. Não foi observada diferença significativa sobre os parâmetros avaliados. Resíduos do filetamento de tilápia-do-nilo adicionados de 30% de farelo de trigo resultam em silagem de boa qualidade e com potencial para utilização na alimentação de peixes. A inclusão desta silagem na alimentação de alevinos de tilápia em níveis de até 30% não causa prejuízos no desempenho dos animais.

The trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding increasing levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%) of fish residues silage on the chemical composition of this silage with 30% wheat meal and on the performance of tilapia Nile fingerlings. Nile tilapia filleting residues were handle chopped, grounded and heated during 15 minutes at 105°C. After this procedure, it was added 30% wheat meal relative to residue total weight. The material was stored in plastic silos with 20 liters capacity during 30 days. Contents of DM, CP, EE, ash, calcium, P, pH and ammonia nitrogen were determined. The effects of fish residues silage on length, height, weight gain, apparent feed conversion, protein efficiency rate and survival means were evaluated. No significant difference of treatments on the evaluated parameters was observed. Residues of Nile tilapia filleting added of 30% wheat meal produce good quality silageto be used in fish feeding. The silage can be included up to 30% in the diets for tilapia fingerlings, with no effect on performance.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição químico-bromatológica e a digestibilidade in vitro do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, submetido à amonização com uréia. Os tratamentos constaram de quatro doses de uréia, adicionadas ao bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, e adição de 1,2% de soja como fonte de urease. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. O bagaço foi armazenado em silos de PVC com capacidade para 5,3 L, que foram abertos depois de 110 dias de amonização. Com a adição das doses de uréia ao bagaço, houve aumento linear nos teores de proteína bruta. Os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, hemicelulose, celulose, lignina e carboidratos totais diminuíram, enquanto os teores de nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro, carboidratos não fibrosos, nitrogênio amoniacal e pH aumentaram, significativamente, com a adição de uréia. Nas doses avaliadas, a uréia adicionada ao bagaço promove aumento no conteúdo dos compostos nitrogenados, diminuição dos componentes fibrosos e aumenta a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca. Estimada pela equação de regressão, a adição de 2,62% de uréia ao bagaço de cana fornece o teor mínimo de proteína bruta para o bom funcionamento do rúmen.

The objective this experiment was to evaluate chemical-bromatologic composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of sugarcane bagasse submitted to ammonization with urea. The treatments were four urea dose added to the sugarcane bagasse and addition of 1.2% (DM basis) of soybean as urease source. The experimental design utilized was a completely randomized. The bagasse was stored in PVC silos with 5.3 L capacity, which were opened after 110 days of ammonization. With the urea dose addition to the bagasse, crude protein levels increased linearly. The neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin and total carbohydrates levels decreased, while the acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, nonfibrous carbohydrates, ammonia nitrogen levels and pH increased significantly with urea addition. At evaluated dose, the urea added to bagasse provides increase in nitrogen compounds content, decrease of fiber compounds, and increases the in vitro dry matter digestibility. Estimated by regression equation, the addition of 2.62% urea to sugarcane bagasse provides the minimum crude protein level to good functioning of the rumen.